Jobs For 13 Year Olds In Ohio – Young people in Greater Cleveland have a hard time finding work, especially in jobs that pay a minimum living wage. This is despite the fact that young Clevelanders have increased rates of high school graduation, post-secondary education and labor force participation. Young people of color face additional challenges.
Greater Cleveland continued to experience high unemployment over the years during the recovery, and poverty levels in many communities are staggering. Communities of color are particularly vulnerable to both of these problems. Against this background, youth of all races are particularly at risk, especially African-American youth. This article analyzes the labor market facing young Clevelanders, comparing three recent three-year periods, each ending 2013-2015, with the most recent data. We aggregate years to obtain an adequate sample size for this small geographic area and age subgroup. The most recent labor market data, available only for a large sample of Cleveland youth, suggests that the situation has improved somewhat since the periods covered in this article.
Jobs For 13 Year Olds In Ohio
In 2015, young workers between the ages of 18 and 29 in the Cleveland metro area earned just 59 percent of the median wage: $11.13 on average, compared to $18.78 for all workers between the ages of 15 and 64.[1]
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An increase in the minimum wage would boost the incomes of young and entry-level workers. It also puts more money in the hands of consumers. Studies show that a higher minimum wage does not significantly reduce jobs for the entire labor force or for young workers. A gradual increase in Ohio’s minimum wage to $15 by 2025 would provide a strong boost to young workers. [2]
We expect that young workers will be at the lower end of the income spectrum because they have limited work experience and some young workers are still finishing school. Young workers also face high levels of unemployment and underemployment in good times and bad. Especially for young workers, it is important that we build a thriving economy that spreads prosperity across the country.
There is reason to worry that the types of jobs that employ young workers today may represent a long-term sectoral shift. At one time, there were good jobs for young workers who hadn’t graduated from high school, many of them in manufacturing. Today, more young workers must seek employment in industries that do not perform well in providing decent wages, health care, secure retirement, and career ladders. Meanwhile, the quality of jobs once in demand is declining. Both of these trends highlight the need to rehabilitate the labor market and implement policies to ensure that every job is decent work.
Young workers have high labor force participation rates, but have recently faced much higher unemployment rates than the overall labor force. Labor force participation includes both workers and active job seekers. The percentage of Clevelanders between the ages of 18 and 29 was 76.8 percent in 2013-15, 11 points higher than the overall workforce rate. While youth labor force participation has increased during the economic recovery, labor force participation remains low for workers of all ages in Cleveland and across the state.
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Still, the unemployment rate for young workers was 13.8 percent, five points higher than the city average.[3] Although youth unemployment has declined since the initial recovery, it remains higher than the unemployment rate for the total labor force during the worst months. Young Clevelanders were actively looking for work during the last period analyzed, but were consistently unemployed.
National reports highlight how the recession and its aftermath have kept young workers out of work and school. That was about 20.2 percent of youth workers in Greater Cleveland during the early recovery, but the share of unemployed youth in the city has since fallen to 16.2 percent.
In fact, the majority of 18- to 29-year-olds work in Greater Cleveland and have done so in every period we analyzed. In 2013-2015, the employment rate was 66.2 percent. The largest share (43.9 percent) is employed and not enrolled in school. The majority of young people studying in school also worked: 22.3 percent of young people were working students. Only a relatively small 17.6 percent of youth were unemployed students. A smaller proportion of young people were neither at work nor in school: 16.2 percent. This proportion was higher in immediate recovery, when job opportunities were scarce, such as going to school without a job.
Clevelanders ages 18 to 29 increased their educational attainment in both periods. The number of people enrolled in colleges and other higher education institutions has also increased. The share of youth graduating from high school without a diploma increased slightly from 9.1 percent in 2005-2007 to 9.8 percent in 2010-2012, then decreased to 7 percent in 2013-2015. These numbers reflect a varying rate, but the Cleveland Metropolitan School District has improved its on-time graduation rate by 17 points since 2009, graduating 69.1 percent of all students on time in 2015.[5]
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These data show that young Clevelanders are willing to invest in advanced skills, even if they have to work in school to do so. Career paths that include credential information that can be collected match current trends in how young people participate in the labor market and increase long-term gainful employment opportunities for young people.
Despite increasing youth participation in higher education in the Cleveland area, trends at community colleges, which are more likely to serve low-income youth, are mixed. The majority of students at Cuyahoga County Community College (Tri-C) are first-generation college students (55 percent). Community college attendance in Cuyahoga County has increased slightly since 2006, but dropped 13 percent from 2010 to 2015, according to the Ohio Department of Higher Education.
Higher education funding in Ohio is inadequate and underinvested. In 2016, the disgraced and now-defunct ITT Tech received more need-based state financial aid than all of Ohio’s community colleges combined. [6] The state should increase Ohio College Opportunity Grant (OCOG) funding and expand eligibility for community college students to provide educational opportunities to young people regardless of family wealth.
While many young people in Greater Cleveland are working, many remain in low-paying, career-advancing jobs. This trend separates young workers from today’s older workers and the experience of older generations in their youth.
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The 10 most common jobs for young workers in Cleveland make an average salary of just $22,176, compared to $32,596 for all workers and $39,739 for jobs that are predominantly older workers (what we call aging industries). The official poverty line for a family of three is $20,420, but a good standard for self-sufficiency without relying on safety net programs is twice that. Young workers are more likely to work in the service sector, including retail and restaurants, where tip workers are not protected by the state minimum wage.[7] Such workers also face unpredictable scheduling and often limited hours.
Growing industries, with a large share of workers over 45, can provide opportunities for younger workers to secure jobs with career paths as incumbents approach retirement. These jobs include high-level management jobs gained through years of work experience and manufacturing jobs that provide good, steady incomes for previous generations of workers. A policy is essential to maintain the quality of work in the manufacturing sector. These include protecting collective bargaining rights and protecting educational opportunities, such as Productive Extension Partnerships, whose funding is currently in jeopardy in the federal budget.[8] In addition to sectoral strategies, we must take action to ensure that all jobs lead a decent life: a $15 state minimum wage is an important first step.
In Greater Cleveland, job opportunities and pay vary significantly by race. The unemployment rate for all young Clevelanders was still higher than in 2013-15, the state’s highest rate during the worst months of the recession. But unemployment among black youth is at crisis levels: between 2013 and 2015, one in three black youth workers could not find a job. In three to five years, the recovery has done little to improve the unemployment rate for black youth. Unemployment among young adults in Cleveland fell 2.7 percentage points, but only 1.2 points for young black workers, widening the unemployment gap by race.
During the economic recovery, wages for young people of color in the Cleveland area declined relative to wages for white youth. While wages for young white workers have remained relatively stable, wages for non-white youth have declined over the years during the recovery, widening the gulf. Compared to young white workers, young workers of color earned nearly 97 percent more between 2005 and 2007 and 81 percent more between 2013 and 2015.[9]
Ohio Labor Law: Teens Face Some Limitations When It Comes To Work
Young Clevelanders are trying hard in the job market. They have consistently high labor force participation rates – higher than the labor force as a whole. They participate in higher education more than their predecessors. Yet they continue to face high levels of unemployment and low wages during the recovery. The important efforts of our youth are not fully rewarded in the labor market. A
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